Bullying in Schools - 6210 Words

Bullying in Schools 1 PRAIRIE VIEW Aamp;M UNIVERSITY THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION EXPERIENCES, PERCEPTIONS, AND ATTITUDES OF THIRD GRADERS TOWARDS BULLYING A RESEARCH REPORT RESEARCH ADMIN 5163 BY Jimmy C. Clark. PRAIRIE VIEW, TEXAS 2008 Bullying in Schools 2 Table of Contents Page Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Chapter 1. Statement of the Problem Introduction-Background and Content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Statement of the Problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...10 Purpose of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 Research Questions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....11†¦show more contentâ € ¦This is no new thing, but in recent years bullying acts have become more violent and lethal. Bullying has also been considered a contributing factor in violent acts. Perpetrators in recent school shooting incidents described feelings of being persecuted, bullied, or threatened by their peers (â€Å"National Bullying Awareness Campaign† 2005). Consequences of bullying include decreased student interest in school, increased absences, and decreased concentration levels for students. Those who witness this behavior â€Å"bystanders† can also be affected by acts of bullying. Many bystanders feel angry and helpless because they do not know what to do. They worry about becoming a target themselves and feel guilty for not taking action (â€Å"National Bullying Awareness Campaign†2005). Bullying is any intimidating, hurtful behavior, such as, pushing or shoving on the playground. Or an ongoing series of deliberate actions, such as, name-calling day after day (â€Å"Bullying,†2003). Many children complain that they are teased, called names, pushed, hit pinched or kicked, having their money or other possessions taken. Bullying Bullying in Schools 5 can also include abusive text messages or emails, being ignored or left out, and being attacked or abused because of religion, gender sexuality, disability, appearance or ethnic or racial originShow MoreRelatedSchool Bullying : Bullying And Bullying2186 Words   |  9 Pages School Bullying Susan Polk Chamberlain School of Nursingâ€Æ' School Bullying Tyler Clementi 18, a freshman in college. Phoebe Prince 15, a high school sophomore. Jamey Rodemeyer 14, a freshman in high school. Megan Meier 13, an eighth grade middle school student. Mitchell Wilson 11, a sixth grade middle school student. Ashlynn Conner 10, a fifth grade elementary school. They are all victims of bullying and today they are all dead from suicide because of being bullied. Bullies are in elementary/middle/high/Read MoreSchool Bullying : How Does Bullying Affect Children?1299 Words   |  6 PagesSchool Bullying How does bullying affect children? Name: Thai Nguyen Phuc Dang ( Dom ) Teacher: Jack Moon ID number: 4956206 Due date: 04/05/2015 Subject code and title: EDU00004 – ACADEMIC AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS B â€Æ' Abstract School bullying is one of the issues being hotly debated today. It effects on daily life, psychological and physical of each student. This is the issue that parents and teachers must understand to be able to control their children in a better way. This report will showRead MoreBullying : Are Schools Doing Their Part?2203 Words   |  9 PagesMiranda1 Jessie Miranda Honors English 10 Period 2 18 March 2016 Bullying: Are Schools Doing their Part? Bullying is bound to happen anywhere at any time but occurs mostly within school limits. Kathleen Winkler defines bulling in her book, Bullying, as â€Å"...any kind of ongoing physical or verbal mistreatment, done with the intent to harm, where there is an imbalance of power between bully and victim† (Winkler 14). Bullying has an extremely important impact on one’s everyday life and can affect theirRead MoreAddressing the Problem of Bullying in Schools Essay885 Words   |  4 Pageswidespread problem of bullying, especially in schools, and that bullying is identified as a serious problem that merits intervention and research (Coy). Therefore, relatively little effort has been made to overcome or address the problem, which still remains a widespread social vice. This paper purports to illustrate how, despite efforts made to rectify the situation, bullying still remains rampant, and is getting worse. Bullying is defined generallyRead MoreBullying And Bullying At School983 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I was a young girl and I would discuss bullying with my parents I always told â€Å"You never let anyone bully you or put their hands on you†. It was a common in my society to hear the statement â€Å"If someone hits you then you hit them back†. Now that I am a mother the thought of those statements still come to mind, when speaking to my children about bullying at school. In today’s society what we know and understand as bullying does not require a school or playground, these actions take place rightRead MoreBullying At School As Bullying846 Words   |  4 Pages School administrators and personnel have long been tasked with handling the bullying culture that is so prominent in and out of the classroom. While the concept of bullying is certainly not new, its reach has expanded in a number of ways—and more and more recently, schools are being called to action after incidences of repeated bullying have beckoned students to flirt with the idea of taking their own life. Before entering a discussion on bullying, it’s important to come to a common definition ofRead MoreBullying in School1085 Words   |  5 Pagesgrowing up all the school change a lot though the years over time. The school is supposed to be a safe place and secure environment. There is an increase concern about recognizing, interviewing, to preventing bully within the school. What are we suppose to do about Bullying? To recognizing bullying is to identify type of bullying. First improve the lives strategies and intervolves both parties the victim and the bully. There are many challenge for barriers by involves school programs! A smallRead MoreBullying in Schools822 Words   |  4 PagesSchool bullying is a distinct form of aggressive behaviour, usually involving a power imbalance. It can be physically, verbally and, more recently, electronically threatening, and can cause emotional, physical and psychological harm. Bullying in schools historically has been seen as a fundamental part of childhood. (Campbell, 2005 p68) It was seen as a social, educational and racial issue that needed little research and attention, until in the 1970’s and 80’s researchers began pioneering studiesRead MoreBullying in Schools1208 Words   |  5 PagesBanks, R. (2000, April). Bullying in Schools. Retrieved May 19, 2014, from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED407154.pdf Bullying is considered to be a global problem that can have negative consequences. As a result, researchers continue to formulate solutions in which students can feel safe. Bullying can also result in lifelong consequences for both the students who are being bullied, and the students are bullying them. According to the ERIC development team, bullying is comprised of direct behaviorsRead MoreSchool Bullying2394 Words   |  10 PagesSchool Bullying  Essays Bullying is not a new behavior.   Kids have been exposed to bullying in school for generations.   Now, however, bullying has taken on new heights and sometimes victims of bullies suffer severe and lasting consequences. The topic has gained not only national attention but international attention since it is a phenomenon that exists in many countries.   School bullying essays look into this very serious matter and how it is being addressed. Like essays on classroom management, essays

Internet Promotion Advantages And Disadvantages Essay

Internet Promotion - Advantages and Disadvantages By Carla Lendor | Submitted On July 23, 2005 Recommend Article Article Comments 3 Print Article Share this article on Facebook 9 Share this article on Twitter 6 Share this article on Google+ 2 Share this article on Linkedin 2 Share this article on StumbleUpon 3 Share this article on Delicious 2 Share this article on Digg 1 Share this article on Reddit 1 Share this article on Pinterest 1 The emergence of globalise trade, increase in foreign investment and cross-border transactions have put many small businesses under pressure to find innovative ways to continue to market their products and services. This is especially difficult given that they often operate on tight marketing budgets. In the quest for cheap marketing alternatives, these small businesses continue to use conventional marketing tools such as newspaper, magazine, radio and television advertisements, unaware of the advantages that Internet Promotion offers. All too often, these entrepreneurs focus on the disadvantages of Internet Promotion and fail to adequately take advantage of the opportunities that it presents. Moreover, their preoccupation with conventional marketing strategies is driven by a misconception that these are cheaper than Internet Promotion. To most small business entrepreneurs, marketing or promoting their products or services via the Internet can be a daunting task. However, with adequate information small businesses can benefitShow MoreRelatedInternet Promotion - Advantages and Disadvantages1127 Words   |  5 Pagesadvertisements, unaware of the advantages that Internet Promotion offers. All too often, these entrepreneurs focus on the disadvantages of Internet Promotion and fail to adequately take advantage of the opportunities that it presents. Moreover, their preoccupation with conventional marketing strategies is driven by a misconception that these are cheaper than Internet Promotion. To most small business entrepreneurs, marketing or promoting their products or services via the Internet can be a daunting taskRead MoreAdvantages Of Using The Internet1214 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are some differences between the internet and more traditional media? What are some advantages and disadvantages of using the internet in advertising? Describe the main types of promotion used on the internet (both traditional and newer types). (20 points) Some differences between the internet and more traditional media is that internet offers the marketer ability to receive feedback and a more direct link to the consumer, as well as giving the marketer easier access to trends and competitionRead MoreEssay on A Competitive Audit of Nestles Milo1510 Words   |  7 Pagesare our Threats? How are we going to minimise them so that they do not affect sales of our products? Here are the advantages and disadvantages of using a SWOT analysis: Advantages * Identified strengths (value for money) * Identified opportunities for marketing * Identified weaknesses (problems to be addressed) * Identified threats * Structure for analysis Disadvantages * May contain biases (If based whole strategy on SWOT information without considering validity of using other marketingRead Morecarmex case study856 Words   |  4 Pages1. a. the Advantages and disadvantages for the Carmex Marketing Team in collecting data to narrow the flavor choices from three to two using an online survey of a cross- section of internet Households are : Advantages Disadvantages 1. This is a way of marketing research tool. 2. May Gain a new Likes to the Brand. 3. Increase Carmex brand name known ability. 4. Survey over the internet will be less cost. 5. Encourage the new customers to give it a try as internet households interested in onlineRead MoreAdvertising Medi An Important Aspect966 Words   |  4 Pagesconsideration of their promotion objectives, the target markets that they want to reach, the available funds for advertising, and finally the nature of the media (Perrault, Cannon, McCarthy, 2013). The nature of the media includes â€Å"whom they want to reach, with what frequency, with what impact, and at what cost† (Perrault, Cannon, McCarthy, 2013). For each of the types of media, however, there are advantages as well as disadvantages. Fitting the advertising medium with the promotion objectives is crucialRead MoreMarketing Channels1482 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion: Should companies involve their marketing channels in the design of the promotional programs? What are the advantages and disadvantages of doing so? When a company is looking at promoting a new or existing product or service, the involvement of their marketing channel during the design of the promotional program is key component. According to the text Excellence in Business (Bovà ©e, Thill, Mescon; p.  417-418), a market channel is the network of firms that work together to get goodsRead MoreIntegrated Marketing Communication ( Imc )1658 Words   |  7 Pagesstrategic roles of a variety of communication disciplines advertising, public relations, personal selling, and sales promotion and combines them to provide clarity, consistency, and maximum communication impact. Integrated marketing communication (IMC) is a combination of five elements, such as, direct marketing, public relations, advertising, personal selling’s, and sales promotion, by which the company can communicate a positive and influencing image/message about a product/service that is presentRead MoreTaking a Look at Marketing Strategies1005 Words   |   4 Pageswill be no opportunity for quick feedback from the message recipient, so the advertiser must know how the audience will interpret and respond to it, only before the message to be sent. Advertising is famous and widely spread and discussed form of promotion because of its omnipresentness. It is the main prominent promotional tool particularly for companies whose products are targeted at mass consumer markets. It is the most cost effective method for communicating with large audience. Advertising willRead MoreP6 - Discuss Methods of Continuing Professional Development and Training Relevant to the Career Plan.1089 Words   |  5 Pagesend there. It is also important to have a systematic induction programme, spread out over several days, to cover all the aspects in the shortest effective time. The advantages of induction training are that they are cost-effective and to have the opportunity to learn whilst doing training alongside real colleagues. The disadvantages of induction training are dependent on ability of trainer and time available and bad habits may be passed on. Performance appraisal is the technique which a managerRead MoreImpact Of Marketing On Internet + Era Essay1337 Words   |  6 Pagesmarketing ways in Internet + era, the discussion of tourism promotion strategies on social network and the innovation form of Internet + tourism, in the end, it is conclusion. About the first part, it will introduce the characteristics of the Internet + times, the rise of social networks, as well as the impact of both on the new means of marketing. The internet + times have three characteristics: First, it is cross-border integration. (é »â€žÃ¦ ¥Å¡Ã¦â€" °et al.,2015:6),they believe that internet +plan’ s external

JFK’s Brain and Missing Body Parts of Historical Figures

Remember when you were a kid and one of your goofy uncles was always trying to scare you by â€Å"stealing your nose† between his thumb and forefinger? While you quickly figured out your nose was safe, the phrase â€Å"until death do us part† takes on a whole new meaning for some very famous deceased people whose body parts have been oddly â€Å"relocated.† John F. Kennedy’s Vanishing Brain Since that horrible day in November 1963, controversies and conspiracy theories have swirled around the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Perhaps the most bizarre of these controversies involves things that happened during and after President Kennedy’s official autopsy. In 1978, the published findings of the congressional House Select Committee on Assassinations revealed that JFK’s brain had gone missing. While some doctors at Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas testified that they had seen First Lady Jackie Kennedy holding a part of her husband’s brain, what happened to it remains unknown. However, it is documented that JFK’s brain was removed during the autopsy and placed in a stainless-steel box that was subsequently handed over to the Secret Service. The box remained locked in the White House until 1965, when JFK’s brother, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, ordered the box to be stored in the National Archives building. However, a National Archives inventory of medical evidence from the JFK autopsy conducted in 1966 showed no record of the box or the brain. Conspiracy theories regarding who stole JFK’s brain and why soon flew. Released in 1964, the Warren Commission report stated that Kennedy had been struck by two bullets fired from the rear by Lee Harvey Oswald. One bullet reportedly went through his neck, while the other struck the back of his skull, leaving bits of brain, bone, and skin scattered about the presidential limousine. Some conspiracy theorists suggested that the brain was stolen in order to hide proof that Kennedy had been shot from the front, rather than from behind — and by someone other than Oswald. More recently, in his 2014 book, End of Days: The Assassination of John F. Kennedy, author James Swanson suggests that the president’s brain had been taken by his younger brother, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, â€Å"perhaps to conceal evidence of the true extent of President Kennedys illnesses, or perhaps to conceal evidence of the number of medications that President Kennedy was taking.† Still, others suggest the much less glamorous possibility that the remains of the president’s brain simply got lost somewhere in the fog of confusion and bureaucracy that followed the assassination. Since the last batch of declassified official JFK assassination records released on Nov. 9, 2017, shed no light on the mystery, the whereabouts of JFK’s brain remains unknown today. The Secrets of Einsteins Brain The brains of powerful, intelligent, and talented people like JFK have long been favorite targets of â€Å"collectors† who believe a study of the organs might reveal the secrets of their former owners’ success. Sensing that his brain was somehow â€Å"different,† super-genius physicist Albert Einstein had occasionally expressed his wishes to have his body donated to science. However, the creator of the groundbreaking theory of relativity never bothered to write down his wishes. After he died in 1955, Einstein’s family directed that he — meaning all of him — be cremated. However, Dr. Thomas Harvey, the pathologist who performed the autopsy, decided to remove Albert’s brain before releasing his body to the undertakers. Much to the displeasure of the genius’ loved ones, Dr. Harvey stored Einstein’s brain in his home for nearly 30 years, rather unceremoniously, preserved in two plain Mason jars. The rest of Einstein’s body was cremated, with his ashes scattered in secret locations. After Dr. Harvey’s death in 2010, the remains of Einstein’s brain were transferred to the National Museum of Health and Medicine near Washington, D.C. Since then, 46 thin slices of the brain have been mounted on microscope slides displayed at the Mà ¼tter Museum in Philadelphia. Napoleon’s Man Part After conquering most of Europe, diminutive French military genius and emperor Napoleon Bonaparte died in exile on May 5, 1821. During an autopsy done the next day, Napoleon’s heart, stomach, and other â€Å"vital organs† were removed from his body. While several people witnessed the procedure, one of them reportedly decided to leave with some souvenirs. In 1916, heirs of Napoleons chaplain, Abbà © Ange Vignali, sold a collection of Napoleonic artifacts, including what they claimed to be the emperor’s penis. Whether actually part of Napoleon or not — or even a penis at all — the manly artifact changed hands several times over the years. Finally, in 1977, the item believed to be Napoleon’s penis was sold at auction to leading American urologist John J. Lattimer. While modern forensic tests conducted on the artifact confirm that it is a human penis, whether it was ever really attached to Napoleon remains unknown. John Wilkes Booths Neck Bones or Not? While he might have been an accomplished assassin, John Wilkes Booth was a lousy escape artist. Not only did he break his leg just after murdering President Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865, just 12 days later, he was shot in the neck and killed in a barn in Port Royal, Virginia. During the autopsy, Booth’s third, fourth, and fifth vertebrae were removed in an attempt to find the bullet. Today, the remains of Booth’s spine are preserved and often displayed at the National Museum of Health and Medicine in Washington, D.C. According to government assassination reports, Booth’s body was eventually released to the family and buried in an unmarked grave in a family plot at Baltimore’s Green Mount Cemetery in 1869. Since then, however, conspiracy theorists have suggested that it was not Booth who was killed in that Port Royal barn or buried in that Green Mount grave. One popular theory contends Booth escaped justice for 38 years, living until 1903, supposedly committing suicide in Oklahoma. In 1995, Booth’s descendants filed a court request to have the body buried at Green Mount Cemetery exhumed in hopes that it could be identified as their infamous relative or not. Despite having the support of the Smithsonian Institution, the judge denied the request citing previous water damage to the burial plot, evidence that other family members had been buried there, and publicity from the â€Å"less than convincing escape/cover-up theory.† Today, however, the mystery might be solved by comparing DNA from Booth’s brother Edwin to the autopsy bones in the National Museum of Health and Medicine. However, in 2013, the museum denied a request for a DNA test. In a letter to Maryland Sen. Chris Van Hollen, who had helped craft the request, the museum stated, â€Å"the need to preserve these bones for future generations compels us to decline the destructive test.† The Salvaging of Stonewall Jacksons Left Arm As Union bullets zipped around him, Confederate General Thomas â€Å"Stonewall† Jackson would famously sit â€Å"like a stone wall† astride his horse during the Civil War. However, Jackson’s luck or bravery let him down during the 1863 Battle of Chancellorsville, when a bullet accidentally fired by one of his own Confederate riflemen ripped through his left arm. In what was the common practice of early battlefield trauma treatment, surgeons amputated Jackson’s tattered arm. As the arm was about to be unceremoniously thrown onto a pile of similarly amputated limbs, military chaplain Rev. B. Tucker Lacy decided to save it. As Chancellorsville Park ranger Chuck Young tells visitors, â€Å"Remembering that Jackson was the rock star of 1863, everybody knew who Stonewall was, and to have his arm just simply thrown on the scrap pile with the other arms, Rev. Lacy couldnt let that happen.† Just eight days after his arm was amputated, Jackson died of pneumonia. Today, while most of Jackson’s body is buried at the Stonewall Jackson Memorial Cemetery in Lexington, Virginia, his left arm is entered in a private cemetery at Ellwood Manor, not far from the field hospital where it was amputated. The Travels of Oliver Cromwells Head Oliver Cromwell, the sternly Puritan Lord Protector of England, whose parliamentary or â€Å"Godly† party tried to ban Christmas in the 1640s, was far from a wild and crazy guy. But after he died in 1658, his head really got around. Starting as a Member of Parliament during  the reign of King Charles I (1600-1649), Cromwell fought against the king during the English Civil War, taking over as Lord Protector after Charles was beheaded for high treason. Cromwell died at age 59 in 1658 from an infection in his urinary tract or kidneys. Following an autopsy, his body was then buried — temporarily — in Westminster Abbey. In 1660, King Charles II — who had been exiled by Cromwell and his cronies — ordered Cromwell’s head placed on a spike in Westminster Hall as a warning to potential usurpers. The rest of Cromwell was hanged and re-buried in an unmarked grave. After 20 years on the spike, Cromwell’s head circulated around small London area museums until 1814, when it was sold to a private collector named Henry Wilkinson. According to reports and rumors, Wilkerson often took the head to parties, using it as a historic — though rather grizzly — conversation-starter. The Puritan leader’s party days finally ended for good in 1960, when his head was permanently buried in the chapel at Sidney Sussex College in Cambridge.

Understanding The Dynamics Of Obedience - 1683 Words

boys reducing feelings of prejudice and discrimination among them, as they all worked as equals. This particular approach of using teamwork to reduce prejudice could be applied in schools today. If staff members created conditions that encouraged students to work as team, a sense of one may establish among the children decreasing discriminating occurrences. Common activities in schools today such as basketball and dodge ball create in-group and out-group competition ultimately fuelling prejudice and discrimination among children. Eliminating these games from popularity and encouraging activities that require everyone to work as one team could help restore children’s sense of community and equality. 3. In 1963 Stanley Milgram performed several experiments motivated to understand the dynamics of obedience. He created a simulated shock generator, which consisted of a large box with 30 switches labelled for each specific shock levels. During the experiment participants believed they were administering painful electric shocks using this device, unknowing that it was simulated and that the learners were confederates in the study. Milgram found that 65 % of participants obeyed when they were pressured, had lack of responsibility and/or were appraised by the teacher for their compliance. These findings suggest that obedience may not be a result of the kind of person you are but rather the type of situations you are positioned in. For instance, when individuals are pressured toShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of An Immersive Video Environment910 Words   |  4 Pagesparticipants were given questionnaires to scale their personality tendencies. In an immersive video environment, the participants who showed more immersion were also those who obeyed less. As a total, thirty-two percent of the participants showed full obedience, and went up to 450 volts. General result showed that participants obeyed more when the victim was hidden, regardless of the victim’s race. From the view of ethnicity, although there was no significant difference, participants reacted with less anxietyRead MoreUnequal Cultural Traditions And Generations : The Joy Luck Club986 Words   |  4 PagesJing-Mei â€Å"June† Woo, Rose Hsu Jordan, Waverly Jong, and Lena St. Clair all have dynamic relationships that are evolving. In the novel, The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan, man’s relationship with his fellow man is unequal due to cultural traditions and generations. Elements of Chinese culture include obedience and the idea of marriage. Because the mothers grew up in China and were raised upon tradition, they base their views on obedience and Swanson 2 it is a large aspect in their lives that they follow and teachRead MoreA Code Of Ethics Limits The Development Of Psychological Theory Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pagesviewpoints will be provided both for and against this claim, as well as an evaluation of the impact in adhering to these ethical principles for researchers. One such research study to be criticised on the basis of ethical behaviour was designed to study obedience and authority using human participants (Milgram, 1961). In the presence of an authoritarian figure, participants were asked to administer increasingly intensifying electric shocks to another volunteer on each occasion a question was answered incorrectlyRead MoreA Critique Of Le Bon s The Crowd1648 Words   |  7 Pagesthem solely because they were successful in inspiring crowds with those fanatical sentiments which have as result that men find their happiness in worship and obedience and are ready to lay down their lives for their idol.† (Le Bon, 1897) Published in 1897, Le Bon’s work was groundbreaking; it was the first attempt at a scientific understanding of the mob mentality. He approached the subject as both a psychological and social phenomenon; he claimed that, that under certain circumstances, a crowd willRead MoreAnalysis Of 15 By William Saul1211 Words   |  5 PagesSatisfaction of the Lord. The struggle between obedience to God and obedience to the people forms the major issue in this text. Historically the Israelites had looked to prophets as their leaders who were obedient to God; however with introduction of a king their is more pressure for that king to be obedient the his people especially since he lacks the unique relationship with God that the prophets had. Lacking the connection is what pushes Saul to have more obedience to the people then he does to God. Read MoreHow Can Organizations Trust Their Instruments Case Study819 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"what-ifs† to test and train with each. Similar to the way that aircrew teams train for what-ifs and degraded modes in the flight simulator, your team also needs to do this. The last thing you want or need is for a team member to be overwhelmed or lack understanding when the pressure is on. If they are just learning a procedure or if they are missing information at a vital time of business, this may lead to them making serious errors in judgment. This process of learning and simulating is ultimately up toRead MoreRole Of A Marketing Strategy For A Global Brand911 Words   |  4 PagesThe Role of Culture While business strategy plays a key role in successful collaboration and building a global brand, understanding the culture of the country being invested in is paramount. The culture dictates the methodology and approach for numerous operating models and a lack of research and understanding of the culture can quickly lead to demise for a company seeking to expand. A considerable amount of companies fail to complete substantial or intensive research before expanding their businessesRead MoreReflective Group Dynamics Essay964 Words   |  4 Pagesand who, thus, are held together and set apart from others by virtue of their interaction† (p. 400). The communicate that takes place between members of the group is group dynamic (Kozier et al, 2010). Motivation for participation and similarity of other group members and the goals of the group will affect the group dynamic (Kozier et al, 2010). The type of group that was created was a task group and Kozier et al (2010) stated that â€Å"the focus for such group is completion of a specific task, andRead MoreThe Era Between 350 And 310 Bc929 Words   |  4 Pagesof Greek citizens changed because of their defeat; they were now an individualistic, rational and secular society. People were no longer viewing the law as â€Å"an expression of sacred traditions ordained by the gods† but now saw it as merely mortal, obedience to the law faded, leading to a weakened society (Perry 46). The pride and duty of the polis mentality dwindled and emotional and political ties to the city weakened. Subsequently, Alexander the Great’s conquests, in 330 BC, moved the Greek civilizationRead MoreMain Theme Of Antigone942 Words   |  4 PagesThemes are important to any story; they give the reader a sense of background and understanding when it comes to the events unfolding in the story. Many literary works include multiple themes, all of which convey  important ideas about humanity and the way that society func tions. In  Antigone  by Sophocles, themes exist such as determination, the conflict between conscience and law, the conflict between divine and human law, and familial loyalty.  One key and central theme of Antigone is the importance

Saudi Aramco Essays - 1104 Words

Saudi Aramco The largest world supplier oil company is Saudi Aramco. It is the most profitable company on the earth. Since it is the most powerful oil company, it has a great impact on the world economy. As a result, a strong international relationship was built with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In addition, the strong developing of international relationship with other industrial countries resulted in massive contributions to the politics, economy, and many different aspects. In 1933, Saudi government bestowed oil concession to California Arabian Standard Oil Company (Chevron). The main factor for this grant was to explore the oil in the eastern region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. After discovering a huge amount of oil, part of the†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the Arab Peninsula was not like other Arab countries which were colonized. Arab Peninsula which eventually became Kingdom of Saudi Arabia remained relinquished with no boundaries. After King Abdul Aziz who was supported by G reat Britain united Arabs and defeated the hostiles in quarter of century of severe wars began to search for investments in order to reinforce his economy. He was urging British Petroleum to explore the oil in Saudi Arabia while the British Petroleum company was negotiating with him not for interest but for preventing other companies to enter this area. However, a former British official who had left his service and converted to Islam became a loyal adviser for King Abdul Aziz, John Philby, and so he did a great job bringing foreign companies to the Kingdom. In fact, he was the one who suggested opening a competition among the oil companies. Taking that suggestion, King Abdul Aziz signed a sixty years oil concession agreement with Chevron in 1933 covering the whole eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Faced with such difficulties exploring job, Chevron had to sell 50% of the concession to Texaco. Surprisingly, that area became the richest oil area, and it still is even today. Interconnecting with the USA: It was vital to nationalize Chevron and Texaco due to many factors. First, the two companies were concerned that the Nazi move might come through the Persian Gulf. Another factor was theShow MoreRelatedA Report On Saudi Aramco844 Words   |  4 Pageshe is an IT Analyst at Saudi Aramco, and it’s an oil organization there. He utilizes PCs and related frameworks to plan new IT arrangements, change, upgrade or adjust existing frameworks and coordinate new gimmicks or changes, all with the point of enhancing business productivity and benefit. He has specialized mastery and clear experiences into current business rehearses. Saudi Aramco is a completely coordinated worldwide petroleum endeavor headquartered in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, partaking in investigationRead MoreSaudi Aramco : About The Company3890 Words   |  16 PagesSAUDI ARAMCO About the Company Saudi Arabian Oil, also known as Saudi Aramco, is an oil gas company centered in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. It is one of the world’s most valuable and profitable company with an estimated worth of approximately 10 trillion US dollars, as reported by the Financial Times. The company not only has the largest oil reserves (approximately 260 billion barrels), but also has the largest daily production of oil (reference). The company has become a world leader in hydrocarbonRead MoreSaudi Aramco2542 Words   |  11 PagesSaudi Aramco (Saudi Arabian American Oil Co) Eman Yanes, Student ID: H00028866 Final Project Int. Business Emerging Markets Liverpool University May, 2013 1 Abstract: â€Å"Saudi Aramco-Saudi Arabian American Oil Co† was an American global Energy company that entered the Saudi market in 1933 then became 100% Saudi company in 1988, to end up in 2012 as the biggest company in the world. This dramatic shift had historical and political circumstances with changed economic conditions. The Read MoreStudy of the Saudi Aramco Value Chain4828 Words   |  20 PagesStudy of the Saudi Aramco Value Chain Study of the Saudi Aramco Value Chain October 2010 Company overview: The Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Saudi Aramco) is a government-owned entity (since 1988 fully government-owned) and the world’s largest oil company in terms of output and managed natural crude oil resources. The company specializes in the exploration, production and distribution of crude oil, petrochemicals and natural gas. Saudi Aramco was established 1933 when Saudi Arabia signed a concessionRead MoreStrategic Management Analysis of Saudi Aramco Ltd.1671 Words   |  7 PagesTo: Prof. Dr. M. Mahmodul Hasan. Course Instructor, Faculty of Business, AIUB.    Re: Submission of Term Paper on Saudi Aramco.    Dear Sir, It is a grand contentment for us that we have been capable to submit the report. It’s been an enormous practice for us to bring about such a job and we took pleasure in the whole term paper making actions. We tried our degree best with our knowledge to make a full pledged report by analyzing all the available information. We hope that we have fulfilled all theRead MoreSaudi Aramco With Shell And Bp3084 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction: In this assignment I shall be comparing Saudi Aramco with two major non-MENA companies. The two non-MENA companies are Shell and BP. The reason as to why I have chosen to compare Saudi Aramco with Shell and BP is because these three companies operate within the same industry therefore I shall be comparing and contrasting them in many similar ways, which you shall see later on. To begin with, I shall give a brief introduction on each company, and then I will say how they are similarRead MoreSaudi Aramco : A Fully Integrated Global Enterprise1204 Words   |  5 PagesCompany: Saudi Aramco Headquarters: Saudi Aramco is headquartered in Dhahran, between the two cities Dammam and Al-Khobar in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia on the coast of the Arabian Gulf. Number of Employees: Employs more than 61,000 employees worldwide from 77 countries. 2013 or 2014 Profit/Loss: Saudi Aramco is by far the biggest energy company in the world, generating more than $1 billion a day in revenues. Saudi Aramco s value has been estimated at anywhere between US$1.25 trillionRead MoreSaudi Aramco Leadership Assessment1445 Words   |  6 PagesSaudi Aramco Leadership Assessment Introduction Organizations whose cultures are tightly integrated to cultural, societal and political norms and values often face a significantly greater series of challenges in implementing change management and retaining agility in the midst of market turbulence. Saudi Aramcos culture is a polyglot of cultural, societal and political norms, unified under the Saudi Arabian series of cultural constraints and values. While Saudi Aramco is a global force in oilRead MoreA Research on Saudi Aramco Company1183 Words   |  5 PagesBackground: Saudi Aramco Company is one of the worlds top corporations with a valuation in excess of $8 trillion dollars. However, as a result of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabias ownership in the company, the corporate culture is less vibrant than many other firms. 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Antoine Lavoisier (1743

Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) Antoine-Laurent Lavo Essay isier (lah vwah ZYAY) was one of thebest-known French scientists and was an important government official. His theories ofcombustion, his development of a way to classify the elements and the first modern textbook ofchemistry led to his being known as the father of modern chemistry. He contributed to much ofthe research in the field of chemistry. He is quoted for saying, Nothing is lost, nothing is created,everything is transformed. Lavoisier was born in Paris, France on Aug. 26, 1743. When he waseleven years old he attended a college called Mazain. For Lavoisiers last two years in college hefound a great deal of interest in science. He received an excellent education and developed aninterest in all branches of science, especially chemistry. Abbe Nicolas Louis de Lacaill taughtLavoisier about meteorological observation. On 1763 Lavoisier received his bachelors degree andon 1764 a licentiate which allowed him to practice his profession. In his spare time he studiedbooks all about scie nce. His 1st paper was written about gypsum, also known by hydrated calciumsulfate. He described its chemical and physical properties. He was elected to the French Academyof Sciences in 1768. On 1771 he married Marie Anne Pierrette Paulze. She helped Lavoisier bydrawing diagrams for his scientific works and translating English notation for him. Unlike earlierchemists, Lavoisier paid particular attention to the weight of the ingredients involved in chemicalreactions and of the products that resulted. He carefully measured the weights of the reactants andproducts. He noted that the weight of the air in which combustion occurred decreases. He foundthat when the burning material combined with the air somehow and that the air weighed less. Lavoisier found that the weight of the products of combustion equals the weight of the reactingingredients. This observation became known as the law of conservation of mass (or matter). Herepeated many of the experiments of earlier chemists but interpreted the results far differently. On1772 he was studying on combustion, which he is most known for in science. Lavoisier presentedan important memoir on conversion of water into earth evaporation. This brought him to theOxygen Theory of Combustion. On 1774 Lavoisier carried out experiments on calcinations of tinand lead and confirmed the increase of weight of metals on calcinations from combustion of air. By demonstrating the nature of combustion, he disproved the phlogiston theory. The phlogistontheory stated that all flammable materials contained a substance called phlogiston. According tothis theory, materials gave off phlogiston as they burned. Air was necessary for combustionbecause it absorbed the phlogiston that was released. This was thought at the time to be a fact. Lavoisier showed this theory to be false and made oxygen the reason that things burned, notphlogiston. Lavoisier burned textbooks that supported the theory. He was trying to make a pointthat the phlogiston theory was invalid and oxygen is the new answer to combustion. He laid theframework for understanding chemical reactions as combinations of elements to form newmaterials, or products. He concluded that combustion results from the rapid chemical union of aflammable material with a newly discovered gas, which he named oxygen, previously known asâ€Å"dephilogisticated air.† The word â€Å"oxygen† means acid producer. Lavoisier and others had foundthat oxygen is a part of several acids. Lavoisier incorrectly reasoned that oxygen is needed tomake all acids. He developed endings of the degree of oxygen by adding certain ending such as -icor -ous. With French astronomer and mathematician Pierre Simon Laplace, Lavoisier conductedexperiments on the respiration in animals. The ir studies showed a similarity between ordinarychemical reactions and the processes that happen in living organisms. These experiments were thebasis for the science now known as biochemistry. Lavoisier also helped to develop a system fornaming chemical substances based on their composition. This system is still in use. He made thevery first modern chemistry text named Trait elmentaire de chimie (Elements of Chemistry). .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c , .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c .postImageUrl , .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c , .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c:hover , .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c:visited , .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c:active { border:0!important; } .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c:active , .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Face of a Monster EssayMany consider it the first textbook on modern chemistry. Here for the first time the elements arelaid out systematically. His list included many compounds, which were thought to be elements atthe time. Lavoisier worked out reactions in chemical equations that respect the conservation ofmass. As a government official, Lavoisier was successful in creating agricultural reform, servingas a tax collection official, and overseeing the governments manufacture of gunpowder. On 1775he was made

Drug Trafficking in Afghanistan Mun free essay sample

Cathedral Model United Nations 2011 Study Guide Study Guide UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON NARCOTIC DRUGS Dear Delegates, It is my pleasure to welcome you to Cathedral Model United Nations 2011! The simulated UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs has an extremely ambitious topic area to cover. Each delegate shall, explore the tumultuous world of Afghanistans illicit drug trade; treading through the mountainous borders of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran, while uncovering a trail of drugs, an addicted populace, and widespread crime. Afghanistan produced a record opium poppy crop in 2007, supplying 93% of the worlds opium. Opium trade has become an increasingly substantial source of revenue for various criminal groups and finances criminal and terrorist activities. Having introduced the topic to you, a little about your chair: I am a 12th standard Science and Art student at the Cathedral and John Connon School. I have attended several MUNs including the Harvard Model United Nations 2011. I was also an assistant director at CMUN 2010. Your moderator Noshir Engineer is a talented debater and has attended the MIT Model United Nations 2011. Together we shall spare no effort to make your experience enjoyable and enriching. In a country where approximately 85% of the population depends on agriculture and agribusiness as a source of livelihood, poppy cultivation and opium trade continue to play a significant role in the agricultural economy. This committee has to deal delicately with the afghan economy, terrorism, and international politics, it promises to be a compelling experience for all delegates. Although your study guide is extremely informative, I sincerely urge you to research further and widen your perspective on the issue, and your countrys stand as this problem requires creative yet feasible solutions, along with a high level of diplomacy. Knowledge on the topic is of course, vital, without which your committee sessions will be frustrating and fruitless. On behalf of the entire dais staff, I wish you best of luck with your preparation. I look forward to meeting you in August. Till then, dwell upon these words by William Shakespeare, â€Å"Be not afraid of greatness: some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon em. Yours creatively, Anushka Pai, Director United Nations Commission on Narcotics and Drugs Cathedral Model United Nations 2011 The Cathedral and John Connon School 6 Purshottamdas Thakurdas Marg Mumbai 400001 Contact Number: +91-2222094940 Email address: uncnd. [emailprotected] com Website: cathedralmun. com ANUSHKA PAI DIRECTOR NOSHIR ENGINEER MODERATOR CYRUS CHOKSEY ASSISTANT DIRECTOR VARUN MEHTA ASSISTANT DIRECTOR Study Guide HISTORY OF THE PROBLEM Soviet Invasion (1979-1989) Opium production and consumption has been an issue in Afghanistan since the time of the Shahs, when the Shah banned the production of opium in Persia and Iran, a lucrative trade was set up, to feed the addicted Iranian population. And so the golden crescent came into being, but the crescent as we see it today evolved primarily as a result of the Soviet and US involvement in Afghanistan. When in the 1970s the Soviet Union decided to enter the perilous world of Afghan politics, many Afghan people joined the rebel forces, the Mujahideen, these forces, in order to fund their military activities relied heavily on American aid reaching them through Pakistan. In addition to this, they revived and increased opium cultivation in the southern provinces of Helmand and Kandahar. This opium was then shipped off to Europe through various channels including the ancient Silk Route and the Balkans route through Eastern Europe. Since these southern areas were under the control of US funded groups they received a lot of criticism for their role in Afghanistan. The Soviets were not uninvolved in the flourishing drug trade either. A Soviet ship, the Kapitan Tomson was captured by the Dutch police in 1986, with 220 kilograms of pure heroin on board, which at that time was the largest heroin seizure in Europe. It succeeded in proving beyond doubt that Soviet authorities were involved in the opium trade in Afghanistan. Though no such concrete evidence was found during the Afghan war against the USA the US’ sympathetic attitude towards opium cultivation and trade in the region is now common knowledge. The situation continued to worsen, with the drug trade increasing steadily but surely as the war progressed. Soon some of the more influential factions of the Mujahideen even controlled heroin laboratories situated within the Pakistani border. The condition in Afghanistan was detrimental to Pakistans population as well. The opium addicted population of Pakistan rose from 5000 to 1. 3 million in a span of just eight years. The problem was clearly escalating to a level where it was no longer in control as the US Drug 3 Study Guide Enforcement Administration (DEA) estimated that a colossal 25 % of Afghanistan’s GDP was through the illicit cultivation of opium and through the trade of opiates. The Taliban era (1989-present) After the soviet pullout from Afghanistan in 1989, and the following loss of US interest in the region, the various factions comprising the mujahideen were vying to fill the power vacuum created. The lack of US funds to the Mujahideen now meant that the only significant inlet of funds was now the cultivation and marketing of opiates. And so in the decade following the Taliban, Al Qaeda, managed to establish themselves as what we know them to be today. The drug trade flourished in Afghanistan, as the international community watched helplessly as Afghanistan was about took over the spot of the world’s top opium producer from Burma (The Golden Triangle) in 1991, during this period the opium production in Myanmar was steadily decreasing due to various factors while in Afghanistan the rise in the same continued undeterred. After a few years the Taliban had established a sufficient monopoly over the opium trade to be the sole threat to the government. The only period in recent history when there was a significant decline in the opium production in the Golden Crescent was in the year 2001, when the Taliban issued a ban on the cultivation. The success of this ban was unbelievable, the opium cultivating areas all over Afghanistan drastically reduced. However the motivation of the ban is still unclear. Some say the Taliban had come to an agreement with the United Nations and decided, for the benefit of Afghanistan to issue the ban on cultivation. Others suggest that due to the reduction in prices of opium and opiates which caused ignificant drops in the Taliban’s income, to overcome this the Taliban decided to ban opium cultivation for a year so that the shortage in supply of opiates would cause the prices to shoot up. Whichever the true cause may be, the next year opium production shot right back up to the levels of the previous year once again enriching the Taliban and displaying, the harsh reality to the world: that control was in the Taliban’s hands and that the only way to effectively reduce opium cultivation would be if they decided it themselves. 4 Study Guide In 2001, following the US invasion, the production of opium continued regardless of the war, funding the Taliban s before but now also forming the income of a large number of warlords and allegedly members of the Northern Alliance as well. So the US for a long time made little or no effort to eradicate the poppy fields, but rather, they adopted the attitude that the opium and drug problems were someone Elses to tackle and they did not need to deal with it till their war was won. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM THE GOLDEN CRESCENT The production of opium in Afghanistan is only a fraction of the problem of the golden crescent. The crescent refers to the area of poppy cultivation, trade, and opium production in the area encompassing the Pakistan Afghanistan and Iran. As mentioned earlier Afghanistan is the main area in terms of cultivation of the poppy crop among the three. The cultivated opium from Afghanistan makes its way through what is popularly referred to as the golden route. Here the opium makes its way through the so called crescent first travelling East into Pakistan where a large part of it gets processed into a morphine base. After this, the goods are shifted into Iran where a small part of it is consumed, and then onto Turkey which is the major centre for conversion of the morphine base opiates into heroin and hashish. After this it finds its way into European markets and feeds the addict population in the continent. This route is probably the most important route in terms of the quantity of opium traversing the passage, but the other main route for opiates is the so called northern route. As the name suggests, the route leaves Afghanistan from the north and proceeds further north through various nations in central Asia finally entering Russia through Kazakhstan. Russia has been possibly the worst affected by the modern boom in Afghan opium production. The route itself has only been used since the early 1990s and was founded primarily to feed Russias two and a half million strong addict population. Both these routes are plagued by poor security facilities. Most of them readily accept bribes and most of the security personnel usually have neither the willpower nor the means required to deny trafficking rights to allies of the Taliban. The commissions paid increase steadily at each level and the system works seamlessly and enriches both the US supported Northern Alliance and the Taliban supporting Rebels. 5 Study Guide The crescent due to its mountainous terrain provides excellent cover for those smuggling drugs which makes the tracking of drug traffickers and the opium itself a lot more difficult and often impossible by satellite as well. Cultivation, smuggling and processing of these opiates is a multi-billion dollar enterprise and enriches the economies of the involved nations similarly. Another part of the issue is that the nations in the crescent are among the most corrupt in the world. The government officials receive ample amounts of money simply to turn a blind eye on the traffickers and thus even at the highest level of government there is often hesitancy and sometimes unwillingness to have a major crackdown on drug lords. For example, in Pakistani, in the earlier times majors and army generals had been proven guilty of assisting the opium traders as well as Hamid Hasnain, the vice president of the Pakistani governments Habib Bank. Hasnain was the personal account manager for President Zia-ul-Haqn who served as prime minister twice and was also a general in the army. Afghan and Iranian leaders have also been involved in their fair share of drug scandals. This situation has further stalled and deterred many of the international communitys efforts to reduce production of opiates. Hamid Karzai, the current president of Afghanistan, has been more forthcoming in his intentions to eradicate the drug plantations, he readily combined with US forces to push for an eradication programme, however, the most effective methods of controlling the opium crops in Afghanistan include aerial spraying of the crops with poisons, primarily glyphosate. This plan was supported strongly by the US forces after the bumper crop in the region in the year 2006. Negotiations began between US, NATO and the Afghanistan government regarding this. Karzai, backed strongly by the UK, argued that this would not have the desired effect. According to them, the uneducated farmers and opium cultivators will be intimidated by the outlandish devices, which are nothing like anything the primitive farmers have seen before. The fear is that if the farmers discover the government is behind this, the deeply religious Afghan masses will turn against them and join, further strengthening Afghan terrorist groups like the Taliban. These discussions were completed in January of the year 2007, with an agreement being reached to use more old fashioned, and less alien to the people approach of ground based eradication techniques. However this was strongly criticized by Russia as well as other nations, who accused the government of inadequate resolve. 6 Study Guide Russia too has had an important role to play in the system, suffering the worst from Afghan opium production. 30,000 Russians, many of them in their youth, die every year due to Afghan opium. The Russian government has not been actively involved in Afghanistan since the end of the Soviet invasion in 1989; the nation has certainly been keeping a close eye on the US’ activities in the region, and attempting to speed up eradication processes by pressuring the concerned governments into accelerating their efforts. Though they agree with the US in their modern day strategy on drug eradication they have not been allowed to start an offensive of any kind in the region by the Afghan government. Recently however, in 2010, Russian forces took part in a joint raid where they destroyed opium and hashish worth an estimated 250 million dollars. This caused some reaction in Karzai, who called it a violation of sovereignty and criticized Russia for the act. Russia simply says that what Karzai claims is not possible since the Afghan Interior ministry participated in the joint raid and hence knew that Russian forces would be present. Iran, the origin of the poppy cultivation in the crescent has successfully reduced its heroin addiction, trafficking and cultivation. Since historic times, the shahs of Iran have banned poppy cultivation, reducing their people’s financial dependence on poppy farming. This however did not help in reducing the addict population significantly. After the revolution, the new regime’s stance did not change, however, policies did. Initially, the policy was supply sided, and a massive crackdown began with the arrest of 68,000 traffickers and many more arrests in subsequent years. Thousands of troops were deployed; to stop trafficking along the border this plan met much success. Next, under President Mohammad Khatami rehab centers were set up and an anti-narcotic campaign was carried out. However, under President Ahmedinejad, policies once again shifted back to supply side policies, with a resurgence of troops on the border it shares with Afghanistan. As a result of these policies, Iran has been the most successful country in combating trafficking, in terms of drug bust. Pakistan on the other hand, has been hugely unsuccessful in dealing with the problem due to greed and graft. Suffering from a massive population of addicts, the government has been helpless in the face of powerful drug lords who own laboratories all along the border Pakistan shares with Afghanistan. It is estimated that 80% of Afghanistan’s heroin is 7 Study Guide processed there. POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS There is no easy solution to this problem. Spraying will allow crops to be eliminated in the heartland of Taliban controlled territory, with relatively less risk. However, as mentioned earlier, the Afghan people are against aerial eradication as they fear it, and ground based eradication is comparatively slow and unfeasible. Only then will the incentives provided actually have effect, because without the fear of eradication, no farmer will willingly give up a crop as lucrative as poppy. No change is needed to the incentives provided to farmers to change from poppy growth. The real reform must come in two areas. Border security, to prevent the opium from leaving, and the legal system. Trapping the heroin and opium within the country might bring prices down so much, that poppy might become unprofitable. Secondly, the Jails of the country need to be secured, to prevent inmates (especially traffickers) from escaping while strengthening the legal system to prosecute more traffickers and drug lords. An innovative idea to dissuade the people from growing poppy and countering Taliban logic is to conduct an advertisement campaign, by highlighting the costs of poppy to the nation. An alternate way of approaching this problem is to crack down on the Hawla system of money transfer. This would choke the Taliban of funds. OPPOSITION TO TRADITIONAL ERADICATION Efforts are underway to eradicate poppy crops from the ground, but they are inefficient and costly. In one instance, the central eradication force set out to eliminate poppy crops in an area and were met with such resistance, that they had to retreat. This establishes that ground eradication is not the best possible option. However, President Karzai is against aerial eradication fearing it will turn public sentiment against the government. Karzai also portrays his poppy farmers as poverty stricken; claiming that there is no way this section of the Afghan population will be able to survive financially without their current means of livelihood. However he has been a big fan of incentives to turn farmers away from poppy cultivation. A great deal is being is being done to eliminate trafficking, but corruption runs so deep, that it is impossible to catch anyone, since everyone from the judges to the policemen are corrupt. The former attorney general attempted to prosecute some of them, but was stopped by Karzai for political reasons. THE ROLE OF POVERTY Recently however, new proof has emerged, that the ones trying to grow the poppy aren’t the poor farmers, as consistently propagated by the Afghani government. Satellite photos have shown that in the southern part of Afghanistan wells and canals are being dug, 8 Study Guide fertilizer bought and poppy is being grown on massive industrial-size plots, making it obvious the farmers are rich. Farmers are abandoning their traditional means of lifestyle, to get into the more profitable business of poppy cultivation. In recent UNODC reports it has been stated, that farmers growing poppy have now begun hugely costly land reclamation process. This means that the farmers have more resources to evade capture, increase output and possibly even survive the eradication of their crop once. It is the high margins that have made it the most effective poverty eliminator in rural Afghanistan. Per hectare, wheat yields 250-300 dollars, while poppy yields 1200 dollars. Poppy cultivation is soaring in the wealthier districts, while it is on a decline elsewhere. Considering poppy’s potential to eliminate poverty however, several economists have suggested, that the production of poppy for medicinal purposes be allowed, this however this is absolutely unacceptable to the international community. The Afghan government keeps professing the poverty of poppy growers, which allows countries to sympathize with the government in not following hard-core cracking down on opium production. Many believe that the poor poppy farmers are in fact the ones who are easier to stop and convert to licit crop-growers, and that the government’s claim that eradicating opium fields would cause a loss of livelihood, is not entirely true. Though many may disagree with the idea that the Afghan governments claim that the opium trade is the only means of livelihood for millions of Afghans, there is no denying some truth in the statement. Some say that it’s really only the rich farmers who are the producers of the majority of the opium and the poor ones are the ones who are easier to convert into licit crop-growers. Much against this theory, another view is that the cultivators in the Southern regions and the Helmand province are richer, and have larger opium fields at their disposal. Most of these farmers also have the protection of major warlords and sometimes even the Taliban. Thus, the government has obvious, and justified fears regarding storming these regions. US and NATO forces too, have steered well clear of this dangerous and volatile region. Even if they tried to convince the farmers to cultivate another crop instead of the poppy they do, think for a moment from the perspective of a farmer who has grown up in Afghanistan. When he was a youth, the country was being torn apart by war during the period of Soviet invasion. In those days, he never had enough to eat, and today, he earns a lot of money 9 Study Guide cultivating a crop with an almost unlimited demand and protection from deterrents provided by his buyers. Why would such a farmer choose to change his crop to something that will inevitably be less profitable, and risk being rounded up by his former protectors the warlords for halting his flow of income? On the other hand, in the Northern regions, where the farmers are poorer, there are less poppy fields, and smaller land holdings. So as a result, the farmers are poorer and have less chances of coming up to the standard of their Southern counterparts. Also, the Northern part of Afghanistan is the part that the government has more control of, in these regions it is easier for US and Afghan forces to carry out raids without fear of being attacked by the Taliban and its allies. The poorer farmers having never experienced true wealth offered by the opium industry in its fullest since they have never been able to expand to the extent of the Southern farmers, So, when the government goes up to these farmers and offers them other crops they do not have much to lose by accepting the licit crops. However, this changes little in their lives and they continue earning a meagre amount. The farmers in Afghanistan rely mainly on traditional methods of farming and are unable to adapt to the means of cultivation of the replacement crop, which may require different techniques from the ones practiced by the farmers. They soon come to realize that in a country as ravaged as Afghanistan the only crop which can ensure them of a yield every year and also a market is opium. However, now trapped growing the licit crop the government, usually under the influence of the US DEA, is supplying, their income and livelihood spiral from bad to worse. Thus, the opium farmers who the government was able to control, those in the north, have become poorer. And the government does not want to eradicate all the poppy immediately fearing loss of occupation and insolvency for several farmers. In the areas where the cultivation is greater, the farmers are richer. 0 Study Guide NARCO-TERRORISM Narco-terrorism, probably the chief evil arising from opium cultivation is an acute issue that will need resolution. It is best known as action against governments or authorities in an endeavour to illegally traffic opium worldwide. These actions take the form of violence or bribe and are thus acts of terrorism. However, this is a particularly vile form of terrorism in that it feeds itself. Imagine the example of a diamond merchant who owns a security agency. Now, his security agency obviously protects a storeroom full of his diamonds. Now, as this diamond merchant mines more and more diamonds, the security needed for his diamond storeroom increases simultaneously. Thus, the diamond merchant by mining more and more diamonds is funding both his businesses. This is how Narco-terrorism works, as the illegal opium cultivators harvest more and more opium, more and more terrorism is needed in the form of more violence on authorities to expand this trade. Thus, both the activity of opium cultivation and the practice of expanding trade in refined opium poppy are forms of terrorism which strengthen each other. Eradicate one, eradicate both. Perhaps the best known example of a Narco-terrorist outfit is the Forces of the Armed Rebellion, Columbia, and the FARC. The FARC originated as an opposition to the right wing parties in Columbia, but after a short, unsuccessful stint at polity, the group’s political nature came to an end and it began military expansion and coincidentally the expansion of its Narco-terrorist activities. This coincidence is attributed to the fact that in the 1980’s there was an international boom in the demand for illegal drugs, specifically cocaine. FARC and some other Columbian cartels became chief suppliers, worldwide. While the Cali and Medellin cartel’s led the way in cocaine production and distribution, the leaders of FARC soon realized the opportunities that coca cultivation provided. FARC started their foray into the drug and Narco-terrorist world by taxing local coca growers in southern towns. This taxing was carried out by extortion and similar acts of terrorism. The focus of the Columbian government on defeating the Cali and Medellin cartels resulted in much of the cocaine production moved to areas controlled by the FARC. This allowed the increased growth and strength of FARC to continue and consequently their influence grew. To summarize, FARC’s involvement in the drug trade was born out of rejection from the political system. The drug trade funded their attacks against the Colombian government. Increasingly, these attacks became terrorist in nature. Thus, the drug trade both caused as well as funded the FARC’s terrorism against the Columbian governments’ anti-drug efforts. In order to push their leftist agenda, FARC was using the drug trade to fund the attacks against the Colombian government and even kidnappings and killings of innocent peasants suspected of colluding with the paramilitaries. The growing power of the FARC forced the Columbian government into poor bargains and finally they granted FARC land the size of Switzerland near south of Bogota, only to have the FARCs drug trade increase by $300 million and anti-government terrorism to continue and grow as the rotten fruit of their hasty bargain. 11 Study Guide In Afghanistan, in recent times, the large influx of drug money has necessitated that this money be laundered through various methods to allow the Taliban to utilize it for their various purposes. This is done all over the world by specialists. The Hawla, or informal money transfer system has allowed thousands of dollars to cross continents with ease but the money trail left can not only lead us to the highest reaches of the Taliban. IMPACT OF FOREIGN INVOLVEMENT In the words of CIA director Charles Cogan, â€Å"We sacrificed the war on drugs to fight the war on communism. † 12 Study Guide United States involvement in the opium trade in Afghanistan always believed to have existed has never been proved. Since 1980 the CIA has been active in the region first working to undermine the soviet run government, by providing resources and support to the mujahideen. In the words of an unnamed CIA officer, the CIA needed the lucrative profits of drug trafficking to fund its para-military activities all over the world. Once its purpose had been achieved, they ceased to support the then Mujahideen forcing it to depend on the most lucrative means of funding itself, opium. The CIA again entered the scene, in 2001, when they began paying off several drug lords, to help undermine the Taliban rule in Afghanistan as a direct result of which poppy production increased in the years after. Till date, the CIA has many â€Å"alleged† links to the drug trade and provides them with a certain degree of protection in exchange for information (denied vehemently). The most prominent of their alleged contacts is Ahmed Wali Karzai, Afghan president Hamid Karzai’s brother, who has many alleged links to Pashtun Drug Lords. He is also said to work with the CIA on smoothening logistical issues for CIA ground forces. Russia has often pressed the Afghan government into cutting off the drug production to no avail. In Afghanistan, recently a deadly new disease is destroying the poppy crop, and although allegations are being thrown, no proof has emerged. From corrupt army officials on the borders of Pakistan, that allow massive quantities of opium to be processed and trafficked into their country, to corrupt customs officials in Russia that allow their countries to be used as intermediaries to port officials in SE Europe that allow their countries to be used as global distribution centers. How to deal with this chronic disease of corruption is a question that will certainly need answering if we are to go ahead and try to save Afghanistan. 3 Study Guide IMPACT ON THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY The most potent, and widely used product obtained from poppy is heroin. Heroin consumption, especially among the youth, is on the rise, driven by lower prices, higher purity and availability. It feeds a global addict population of around 30 million, 30,000 of which die in Russia alone, annually. Afghanistan al one retains 3%, a significant proportion of its crop, to feed its massive addict population. In the subcontinent alone there are almost a million underage users of heroin. 150,000 new people internationally use heroin every year. Heroin has several destructive effects on the body in the long and short term, the worst being heart attack as a short term and heart diseases as long term. However, heroin trafficking leaves a trail of death and destruction in its wake, creating gang violence and clashes with security forces, that leave hundreds dead annually. It feeds corruption and greed across 5 continents, undermining governments and pulling thousands into its deadly nexus, of greed and destruction. Not only that, but the profits from these illicit enterprises, are ploughed straight into the criminal underworld fuelling organized crime. Apart from the obvious terrorist activities, heroin has many hidden effects. Addicts commit serious crimes, like mugging and armed robbery, to pay for their addiction, and still die debt-laden. The cost to countries in term of human capital is immense; many talented people lose their minds and lives to this deadly drug, which takes more than 100,000 lives every year. It is not crime which fuels drugs, but drugs that fuel crime. The international cost due to this addiction directly and indirectly is many times that which is spent in its prevention; after all, prevention is better than cure, and in this case much cheaper. QUESTIONS A RESOLUTION MUST ANSWER 1. What can be and should be done about corruption in the legal system in Afghanistan? Are special autonomous prosecuting courts a viable option? You must also ensure that your interference in the same does not impede Afghanistan’s Sovereignty. 14 Study Guide 2. Is eradication of opium crops a viable option? If not what are the alternatives? What is the way forward concerning eradication? If yes, how will the population of Afghanistan be affected by eradication? 3. Is heroin production truly a monopoly of the rich or last resort of the poor? 4. What incentives can and should be offered to wean farmers of poppy production? Why are the present ones not working? And how can you ensure that farmers will accept the alternative crop/occupation? 5. Is legalisation (in whole or in part) a viable option, attempting to harvest the poppy for legitimate purposes like medicinal or others? 6. How can flow of funds across the world by terrorists be shut down? How can we identify their money laundering and transferring entities and shut them down? 7. How can we identify agents of smuggling and stem flow through heroin smuggling routes across Eurasia? 15